所有数据均为平均±标准误差,每次至少三次,一式三份。两组间的统计显着性采用学生t检验,多组比较采用单因素方差分析,随后采用Pad Prism 7(GraphPad Software,Inc.)进行Bonferroni后测。*的概率值p < 0.05 was considered to be significant.
众所周知,细胞因子tf-α是由单核细胞(包括小胶质细胞)大量产生的,并且强烈影响许多其他炎症介质,使其在α暴露时被天然免疫细胞所上调。42。我们的实验证明,用肿瘤坏死因子-α处理HMC 3细胞能有效地诱导HMC 3细胞分泌炎性细胞因子,TNF-α作用24h后细胞培养上清液中细胞因子浓度显著增加(见图)。2)。与未处理的hmc 3细胞(对照组)相比,用tf-α(0.3μg/mL)处理hmc 3细胞后,IL-1β增加了1 77个倍。p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and IL-8 (p < 0.001) and caused the previously quiescent cells to secrete IFN-γ. We verified that cromolyn and F-cromolyn do not affect the inflammatory profile of quiescent microglia and provide all cytokine and chemokine secretion data after addition of cromolyn and F-cromolyn to HMC3 microglia not induced by TNF-α in Supplementary Figure S4作为内部控制。在低浓度(0.3M)和高浓度(3M)条件下,我们检测了克罗莫林和F-cromolyn对HMC 3小胶质细胞分泌肿瘤坏死因子(α)诱导的细胞因子分泌的影响。干扰素-γ(p=0.0033;p=0.0013)、IL-6(p=0.0065;p=0.0012),IL-1β(p < 0.001; p < 0.001), and IL-8 (p=0.0006;p < 0.001) concentrations were decreased after addition of the lower 0.3 µM concentration of cromolyn and F-cromolyn, respectively, with only cromolyn dose-dependently reducing IL-6 (p < 0.001) and IL-1β (p < 0.001) after 3 µM addition. The higher 3 µM concentration of cromolyn resulted in > 40% inhibition of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β, and 25.8% inhibition of IL-8. F-cromolyn also decreased cytokine release at the higher 3 µM concentration, achieving > 50% inhibition of both IFN-γ and IL-1β and 39.8% and 27.9% inhibition of IL-6 and IL-8, respectively.
图2
克罗莫林和氟克罗莫林抑制肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的HMC 3小胶质细胞分泌促炎细胞因子。MSD定量分析表明,肿瘤坏死因子-γ(0.3g/mL,24h)处理的HMC 3细胞分泌IFN-β、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-8的量显著增加,随后分别被Cromolyn和F-cromolyn(0.3M和3 M)所抑制。*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and NS (no significant difference).
为探讨Cromolyn和F-cromolyn对HMC 3小胶质细胞关键炎性细胞因子基因表达的影响,我们进行了qRT-PCR检测IL-6和IL-8mRNA的表达。3)。我们观察到,与未治疗的对照组相比,在加入肿瘤坏死因子-α后,IL-6的表达大约增加了5倍。3a)。分别加入0.3M和0.3mFcromolyn后,IL-6的mRNA水平相对于肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的水平分别下降了9.0%和9.5%,但是,随着浓度的增加,相对于单纯的肿瘤坏死因子-α,IL-6的表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),而相对于单纯的肿瘤坏死因子-α,升高到3M的浓度则显著降低了IL-6的表达(P<0.01)。p < 0.001; 22.8% and 31.6%, respectively, relative to TNF-α induced levels). Next, we observed an approximately 12-fold increase in mRNA expression of IL-8 after addition of TNF-α relative to untreated controls (Fig. 3b)。0.3mcromolyn和0.3mFcromolyn处理后,IL-8mRNA水平下降(P<0.01)。p=0.0212,占16.7%p=0.0102,相对于肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的水平分别为18.3%),且随着3μmol/L和3μmol/L F~(-cromolyn)的加入,含量进一步下降(P<0.05)。p < 0.001; 41.5% and 51.9%, respectively, relative to TNF-α induced levels). We also analyzed GAPDH mRNA levels as an internal control43在相同的实验条件下,使总mRNA和细胞蛋白水平正常化。3c)。由于肿瘤坏死因子-α暴露后,GAPDH的表达水平没有明显变化,我们解释说,在实验过程中细胞数量并没有减少,因此炎症细胞因子分泌和表达的减少可能是由于克罗莫林和F-cromolyn的存在所致。
图3
克罗莫林和F-克罗莫林可降低肿瘤坏死因子-α诱导的人小胶质细胞IL-6和IL-8基因表达水平。定量的qRT-PCR分析表明,(1)a)IL-6和(bTNF-α(0.3μg/mL,2 4h)作用于HMC 3细胞后,克罗莫林和F-克罗莫林(0.3μM和3μM)均呈剂量依赖性降低IL-8。折叠变化被规范化为未经处理的控制。(c)用GAPDH作为内部对照,使各样本测量基因的mRNA水平正常化。NS(无显著差异),*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and n = 5 independent experiments.
我们接下来测试了克罗莫林和F-cromolyn对0.3g/mLTNF-α处理HMC 3细胞后细胞外趋化因子产生的影响。4)。0.3Mcromolyn治疗后,细胞外IP-10浓度(CXCL 10)显著降低(P<0.01)。p < 0.001), MCP-1 (CCL2) (p=0.0016),MIP-1α(CCL 3)(p=0.0118),以及MIP-1β(CCl 4)(p < 0.001) compared to cells treated with TNF-α alone for 24 h. Further, we observed reduction in extracellular chemokine secretion at a higher concentration of 3 µM cromolyn, with > 40% inhibition of IP-10 (CXCL10), MCP-1 (CCL2), and MIP-1β (CCL4), and 35.6% inhibition of MIP-1α (CCL3) compared to TNF-α cytokine induction levels.
此外,我们还观察到0.3mFcromolyn抑制炎症趋化因子ip-10(CXCL 10)的产生。p < 0.001), MCP-1 (CCL2) (p < 0.001), MIP-1α (CCL3) (p=0.0081),以及MIP-1β(CCl 4)(p < 0.001). We also observed the higher concentration of 3 µM F-cromolyn impacted HMC3 microglia chemokine secretion, resulting in > 40% inhibition of IP-10 (CXCL10), MCP-1 (CCL2), and MIP-1β (CCL4), and 36.0% inhibition of MIP-1α (CCL3). Taken altogether, we conclude that only cromolyn dose-dependently inhibited MCP-1 (CCL2) and MIP-1α (CCL3) secretions but both cromolyn and F-cromolyn dose-dependently reduced secretions of IP-10 (CXCL10) and MIP-1β (CCL4) by HMC3 microglia cells.